Physiology And Anatomy Study Questions

Physiology And Anatomy Study Questions

MULTIPLE CHOICE SECTION

1. The most abundant plasma protein is

A) Fibrinogen

B) Thrombin

C) Complement

D) Albumin

2. Which example does NOT demonstrate the principle of homeostasis?

A) A rise in plasma sodium stimulates the release of a hormone that increases sodium loss in the urine.

B) An increase in plasma volume increases urination.

C) The activation of a clotting factor stimulates the production of the enzyme that activates the clotting factor.

D) An increase in body temperature induces sweating, which reduces body temperature.

3. The urinary bladder is located in the

A) Thoracic cavity

B) Spinal cavity

C) Dorsal cavity

D) Pelvic cavity

4. Cellular respiration of glucose yields _______ which is used to make ATP

A) energy

B) iron

C) carbon dioxide

D) amylase

5. Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous are groups of

A) Glands

B) Hormones

C) Tissues

D) Membranes

6. The blood cell that lacks a nucleus is

A) Monocyte

B) Neutrophil

C) Megakaryocyte

D) Erythrocyte

7. DNA is located in the

A) proteins of a cell

B) nucleus of a cell

C) nucleolus of a cell

D) cell wall

8. To which of the following do Peyer patches belong?

A) Lymphatic system

B) GALT

C) MALT

D) All of the answers are correct

9. Tissue wasting caused by a decrease in cell number is called

A) Hypertrophy

B) Hyperplasia

C) Atrophy

D) Aplasia

10. Scleroderma, Lupus erythematosus, and Pemphigus are examples of what kind of diseases

A) Prion infection

B) Bacterial infection

C) Autoimmune

D) Vitamin deficiency

11. While hiking in the Andes mountains wearing too many clothes. You develop a headache, a rapid pulse, and sweating profusely. From what are you most likely suffering?

A) Heat exhaustion

B) Heat cramps

C) Heat stroke

D) Hypothermia

12. Which of the following is true of aldosterone?

A) It stimulates urine production

B) It increases the kidney’s sodium retention

C) It acts on osmoreceptors to stimulate thirst

D) It is secreted from the pituitary gland

13. A protein that makes up hair and nails is

A) Collagen

B) Melanin

C) Keratin

D) Carotene

14. A population of microorganisms that grow on and within the human body and typically cause no harm

A) Pathogens

B) Normal flora

C) Algae

D) All of the above

15. The best treatment for anaphylaxis is

A) Epinephrine

B) Cortisol

C) Insulin

D) Growth hormone

16. Which is the smallest unit of life that can exist as a living, separate entity?

A) Virus

B) Cell

C) Organ

D) Chemical molecule

17. One of the roles of the urinary system is to help maintain the extracellular fluid pH by causing a re-distribution of ______________ ions.

A) Hydrogen

B) Potassium

C) Sodium

D) Calcium

18. A 15-year-old boy was bitten by a rabid dog, he was given immunoglobulins. Which of the following best describes his immunity to rabies?

A) Naturally acquired passive immunity

B) Naturally acquired active immunity

C) Artificially acquired active immunity

D) Artificially acquired passive immunity

19. The head of the spermatozoon contains large amounts of

A) DNA

B) Mitochondria

C) Cytoplasm

D) All of the above is correct

20. Neurons that carry impulses from the body to the CNS are called

A) Interneurons

B) Sensory neurons

C) Senses

D) Digestive

21. The term that describes the capacity of a food to raise blood glucose levels is

A) Glucose effect

B) Basal index

C) Glycemic effect

D) Supplemental index

22. The skin is a primary barrier against invasion because it is capable of

A) Shedding – removes infectious agents

B) Protects against bacterial toxins

C) Interlocking pattern helps to prevent penetration

D) None of the above

23. Good skin care includes all below except

A) Excessive sunlight

B) Nutrition

C) Blood circulation

D) Moisturizers

24. Menses results from a(n)

A) Decline in estrogen and progesterone

B) Increase in estrogen and progesterone

C) Increase in luteinizing hormone

D) Increase in follicle-stimulating hormone

25. _______________ is where most nutrients are absorbed

A) Stomach

B) Small intestine

C) Large intestine

D) Mouth

26. The structure that secretes colostrum is the

A) Mammary glands

B) Uterine glands

C) Placenta

D) Amniotic membrane

27. The skin cells of the elephant contain 56 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will an elephant spermatozoon contain?

A) 56 B) 23 C) 46

D) 28

28. Choose the disorder that is congenital but NOT hereditary?

A) Fetal alcohol syndrome

B) Cystic fibrosis

C) Huntington disease

D) Albinism

29. The ability of a particular gene to determine phenotype can be altered by

A) Environmental factors

B) Gender

C) Other genes

D) All of the above

30. Blood pressure readings are reported via

A) Cardiac output/peripheral resistance

B) Diastolic pressure/systolic pressure

C) Systolic pressure/diastolic pressure

D) Peripheral resistance/lung output

************************************************************************************************************ MATCHING SECTION

Section A – MATCH the clinical symptom or sign with the Disease or Health issue

Disease or Health Issue

Symptom or Sign

1. Urethritis

a. irreversible kidney damage

2. Pyuria

b. difficulty with thinking and judgment

3. Anemia

c. low hematocrit value

4. Down syndrome

d. accumulation of phenylalanine in blood

5. Hodgkin disease

e. glucose deficiency

f. presence of white blood cells in urine

g. stones in the bladder

h. frequent and painful urination

i. unexplained itching all over the body

j. extra copy of chromosome 21

Section B – MATCH the definitions or associations with term or concept

TERM or CONCEPT

Definition/Association

6. Embolus

a. dome-shaped muscle

7. Mesoderm line

b. hardening of the arteries

8. Thymus

c. blockage of a blood vessel

9. Arteriosclerosis

d. maintenance of health and weight control

10. Polysaccharide

e. B cell maturation site

f. redness, pain, swelling, heat

g. pluripotent stem cells

h. Shrinks after puberty

i. starches

j. pumps oxygenated blood to the body

FILL- IN THE BLANK – SECTIONS A and B

INSTRUCTIONS: Provide the best answer for the items in Sections A and B below.

Section A:

1. Traits determined by more than one gene pair are termed _________.

2. The results of a urinalysis evaluation identified abnormal constituents, two possibilities are _________________ and _______________________.

3. A picture of chromosomes lined up in pairs is a(n) ___________________.

4. The __________________ in the brain stem controls heartbeat.

5. Accumulation of bile pigments in the blood causes ___________________.

6. Transcription of the DNA strand CGTAC would produce an mRNA strand with the sequence ________________.

7. Severe protein-energy malnutrition in infancy is termed ____________________.

8. Under low oxygen (hypoxic) conditions such as high altitudes, the kidneys secrete ______ to stimulate erythrocyte (red blood cell) production.

9. Severe protein-energy malnutrition in infancy is termed _____________________.

10. The sex steroid called _________________ induces the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

Section B

What are seven (7) health-related terms that could be used to complete the crossword puzzle? Use the descriptions below the puzzle to find the correct terms.

Down

1. the process of chewing-prepares the food to be swallowed

3. the expulsion of undigested food or body wastes

4. a yellowish-green fluid important in the breakdown of fats

7. Secretions (two words) from the stomach lining that contain pepsin and acids

Across

2. a burning pain in the center of the chest after eating

5. has a role in the activation of Vitamin D

6. the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods for use by the body’s cell

8. system supplies digestive organs with oxygen and processed nutrients

9. the functional units of the kidneys

10. the passage of digested food from the digestive tract into the circulatory system

SHORT ANSWER SECTION

Instructions: For questions 1 – 3, you will state or describe the differences or distinctions between the two terms in the paired sets below.

1. Glucose metabolism in a cell that has adequate oxygen and one that does not

2. Primary and secondary antibody response

3. Essential amino acid and non-essential amino acid.

Instructions: For questions 4 and 5, provide brief answers (3-4 sentences per question).

4. A woman was born without sweat glands. Will this have a significant effect on her ability to maintain normal water balance? Explain your answer, discussing the relative amounts of fluids lost via different body systems.

5. Discuss the role of bile in digestion.

ESSAY SECTION

INSTRUCTIONS: Complete questions in this Essay Section – there are five (5) questions. Answer all questions.

1. A young male, is afflicted with a muscle wasting disease. His mother’s two brothers also had the disease. No other family members (his father, his father’s relatives, his mother, or his mother’s female relatives) have the disease. Is this muscle wasting disease (A) autosomal or sex-linked, and (B) dominant or recessive? Defend your answers.

2. Explain why the role of oxytocin in labor is an example of positive feedback. Do any other roles of oxytocin exhibit this same principle?

3. A young girl has a rare disorder in which she does not produce memory cells. What are memory cells, and what will likely be the effect of this disorder on her overall health?

4. Explain why the heart is described as a double pump. Provide specifics and use the correct technical terms in your answer.

5. Draw/diagram a Punnett square in which, upper case Tt represents two sets of genes (alleles) for a female with normal height, Tall female and lower case tt represents two sets of genes (alleles) for a short male. Note that upper case T represents a dominant trait—tallness and lower case t represents the recessive trait—shortness.

In this scenario, the female is tall in appearance (phenotype) and the male is short in appearance (phenotype).

i) Given that the female carries both genes (alleles), that is T and t, for height, explain why her appearance is tall.

ii) Next, draw a Punnett square for the offspring that could be produced from the union of this female Tt and this male tt.

iii) After drawing the Punnett square, discuss the phenotypes (appearances) of the four representative offspring whose genotypes are provided in the Punnett Square.